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According to plague China's SARS epidemic situation and is facing a comprehensive analysis of risk factors, the western region (wild plague foci) remains between animal and human plague-prone areas, including Qinghai, Tibet, Xinjiang, Gansu and Inner Mongolia provinces of the five Areas, often spread to the borders of their respective provinces, autonomous regions: Qinghai - Sichuan, Inner Mongolia - Ningxia, Shaanxi, Hebei and so on; the main means of infection to spread of animal origin (direct contact and inhalation) mainly as a concrete manifestation of illegal hunting, Marmota peel and eat dead animals, sheep eat Diao sickness and death Marmota secondary infection, and so on; followed by the media, the spread of fleas, as demonstrated by the rats and their fleas on the ground free of bites. Yunnan Province for my country mouse plague focuses of the core area, Yunnan, Guizhou and Guangxi provinces as the focus of the region at the junction of the peripheral area. At the same time, the focus of the musculus port city and its nearby inland areas there are sudden plague of the risk factors, including ocean-going cargo import and the possible resurgence. With the opening of the Qinghai-Tibet railway, adventure tourism and the development of in-depth, long-distance transmission of plague risk factors in the increase. Therefore, the establishment of a sound monitoring network plague, to strengthen the port, railway stations, the airport's animal quarantine to prevent the importation of animal plague Infected ⑼. At the same time, focus should be wild animal management laws and regulations: prohibit the private or not allowed to hunt, stripping food, feeding, the focus of trafficking in wild animals, to eliminate or avoid the source of infection and their products out of infected areas caused by the spread of the epidemic, or as a result of stripping food, to buy And the keeping of infection caused by the regulations. |
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根据我国鼠疫现疫流行态势及所面临的危险因素综合分析，西部（野鼠鼠疫疫源地）依然是动物间和人间鼠疫的多发区，主要包括青海、西藏、新疆、甘肃和内蒙的五个省区，时常波及到各自接壤的省、区：如青海—四川，内蒙—宁夏、陕西、河北等；主要感染途径以动物源性传播（直接接触及呼吸道吸入）为主，具体表现为非法捕猎、剥食旱獭和病死动物，牧羊犬叼食病、死旱獭继发感染等；其次是媒介蚤的传播，具体表现为鼠体及其地面游离蚤的叮咬。云南省为我国家鼠鼠疫疫源地的核心区，其中云南、广西和贵州三省交界区域为疫源地的外围区。同时家鼠疫源地的各港埠城市及其临近的内陆地区也存在突发鼠疫的危险因素，包括远洋货轮输入和复燃的可能。随着青藏铁路的开通、探险及旅游业的纵深发展，鼠疫远距离传播的危险因素在增加。所以建立健全鼠疫监测网络，加强港口、车站、机场的动物检疫，严防鼠疫染疫动物的输入⑼。同时应制定野生疫源动物管理法规：禁止或不准私自捕猎、剥食、饲养、贩运野生疫源动物，杜绝或避免传染源及其产品出疫区而造成疫情扩散，或因剥食、收购及其饲养而引发感染的法规。 |
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The new point of view is worth reading. |
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It is worth reading。 |
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High plague Bacteriological: Catalogue
The first chapter of plague pathogen / 1 Section I outlined / 1 Section II understanding of the plague / 14 Section III of plague bacteria in nature conservation mechanisms / 16 Section IV of the plague bacteria found in the location and classification / 23 Section V of the biological characteristics of the plague / 26 Section VI plague Yin and the plasmid DNA extraction / 48 Section VII of the plague of the variance / 62 VIII plague Yin L-type / 67 Yin plague section IX of the gene and type / 73 Section 10 of the plague immune / 85 Section 11 of the plague phage / 99 Plague of the 12th Festival of the bacteriological examination / 107 Section 13 suspected plague material collection, preservation and transportation / 120 Chapter II diagnosis of plague serum / 129 Agglutination test for the first quarter of plague bacteria / 131 Section II plague indirect blood agglutination test / 132 Section III plague reverse indirect blood agglutination test / 138 RIA precipitation plague the fourth Test (RIP) / 140 Section V ELIsA Detection Technology / 142 Section VI immunofluorescence staining (immunofluorescence organizations Chemical Technology) / 149 Section VII in the Western blot plague antibodies and detection of antigen / 153 Chapter III of the identification of plague bacteria / 157 Chapter IV of the plague and laboratory biosafety / 161 Chapter V of plague bacteria testing of new technologies / 171 PCR technology section I, the basic principles and methods / 171 Section II with internal control of plague bacteria PcR Test Kit / 184 Section III colloidal gold tag detection technology / 188 Section IV pulsed field electrophoresis (PFGE) technical / 190 Section V bio-chip technology / 197 Chapter VI of the plague of protein extraction and analysis / 203 Chapter VII of closing / 218 References / 221
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将景观流行病学和生态流行病学应用于鼠疫监测。确定各类景观要素对动物间鼠疫的发生、流行特点及分布的影响，甄别动物间鼠疫危险因素的时空分布（包括生境、高程、植被、温度、雨量及湿度、土壤微生态等重要环境因素对鼠疫菌、媒介生物、中间宿主感染及同人类之间关系）特点，使流行病学、动物昆虫学、病原学、生态学、环境学、景观生态学、土壤微生态学、GIS、RS、GPS、空间分析技术、数学模型、多尺度和空间异质性研究及景观格局分析等有机的结合，为科学监测和预警提供依据。 |
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鼠疫
鼠疫是主要在小动物及其跳蚤中间传播的一种动物源性疾病。鼠疫耶尔森菌也可感染人。它通过受感染跳蚤的咬伤、直接接触、吸入和极少有地摄入传染物在动物与人之间传播。鼠疫可以是人类的一种非常严重的疾病，如果不给予治疗，病死率为30%-60%。
在3-7天潜伏期之后，受感染者通常开始出现“流感样”症状。患者通常突然出现发烧、寒战、头痛和躯体疼痛以及虚弱、呕吐和恶心。视传染途径而定，临床鼠疫感染通常表现为三种类型：腺鼠疫、败血性鼠疫和肺鼠疫。
• 腺鼠疫是由传染性跳蚤咬伤造成的最常见的鼠疫类型，鼠疫杆菌通过咬伤部位进入皮肤并通过淋巴系统到达最近的淋巴结。由于鼠疫细菌耶尔森菌或鼠疫杆菌将在此处大量复制，淋巴结于是变得红肿。肿胀的淋巴结被称为“腹股沟淋巴结炎”，这是非常痛苦的，并且会在感染晚期作为开放性溃疡化脓；
• 败血性鼠疫在感染直接通过血流传播时发生，但无“腹股沟淋巴结炎”的迹象。较常见的晚期腺鼠疫将造成血液中存在鼠疫杆菌。败血性鼠疫可由跳蚤咬伤以及通过皮肤裂缝与传染物直接接触造成。
• 肺鼠疫是鼠疫的最致命和极少见的类型。通常肺鼠疫是由最初腺鼠疫晚期感染的继发性传播引起的。原发性肺鼠疫是由吸入烟雾状传染性飞沫造成的，并可在没有跳蚤或动物卷入的情况下在人与人之间传播。未经治疗的肺鼠疫具有极高的病死率。
鼠疫在非洲、前苏联、美洲和亚洲的许多国家流行。2003年，9个国家共报告了2118例和182人死亡。98.7%的病例和98.9%的死亡是由非洲报告的。今天，鼠疫的分布与其自然疫源地的地理分布相一致。
治疗
快速诊断和治疗对于减少并发症和降低病死率极其重要。如果得到及时诊断，有效的治疗方法几乎可使所有鼠疫患者得到治愈。这些方法包括服用抗菌素和采用支持性疗法。
预防
预防措施的目标是使民众了解动物源性鼠疫活跃的地区并在鼠疫流行地区采取预防措施以防止跳蚤咬伤和处理尸体。民众应避免直接接触传染性组织或接触肺鼠疫患者。
病例识别、医学干预和现场调查
• 在人类病例暴露的地区查明最可能的感染源，通常寻找有大量小动物相继死亡的群集地区。采取相应的卫生和控制措施以终止暴露源；
• 确保向卫生工作者传播关于鼠疫传播活跃地区、鼠疫临床特征和病例定义的信息；
• 核实已对患者进行适当抗菌素治疗并且地方抗菌素的供应足以处理进一步病例；
• 隔离肺鼠疫患者；
• 获得标本进行实验室确认。
实验室检测
鼠疫的诊断和确认需要实验室检测。恢复和鉴定来自患者样本的鼠疫杆菌培养对于确认是最适宜的。根据鼠疫的表现形式：腹股沟淋巴结炎吸入物、血液和痰是用于快速检测和培养的最适宜的标本。可对感染初期和晚期采集的血清进行检查以确认感染。快速纤维素试纸试验已验证供现场使用，以迅速地筛查患者的鼠疫杆菌抗原。应采集标本并将其送往实验室进行鼠疫检测。
预防接种
鼠疫疫苗曾经得到广泛使用，但未证实它是一种可有效预防鼠疫的做法。在暴发情况下不建议将疫苗用于直接保护。只建议将预防接种作为高危人群(如经常暴露于污染危险的实验室人员)的预防措施。
监测和控制
• 开展调查以查明在该地区鼠疫的地方性动物病周期中涉及的动物和蚤类物种并制定一项环境管理规划以限制其潜在传播。
• 对动物源性疾病疫源地的积极长期监测和快速应对以便在兽疫流行暴发期间减少接触已在减少人类鼠疫方面取得成功。
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在长期的自然进化中，鼠疫菌是在特定地理环境条件下，与其相适应的植被土壤小气候、宿主、媒介及其噬菌体之间构成了一个特有的、小的生物群落圈。以土壤、湿度或水做为生态系，形成了对其外界环境有一定适应性，以最低的营养需求和湿度维持其生命的延续。在鼠疫自然疫源地中，以洞穴中的无机盐（特别是三价铁离子、二价钙离子）、有机物和湿度为基本生存条件或以土壤中的原生物为载体，自然进化成为控制鼠类生态平衡的杠杆作用。要想真正了解一个物种，首先必须研究该物种与其周围物种间的相互作用，包括三维空间分布（地形、植被、土壤及其原生物、气候、湿度等）,才能真正搞清楚这一物种自身的生命史。微生物何曾不是这样，在漫长的进化过程中，它们曾经“试探”了各种各样的宿主，如果对方的“抗性”太强，它们便无法依从，便会被“斩尽杀绝”，导致宿主物种的消失。就是在这种漫长而又不断的“磨合”过成中，物种之间形成了稳定的协同进化关系，生态系统也平衡下来。一旦一个新的、原本没有任何抵抗力的物种接触到病毒或细菌，因为没有抵抗力而无法控制微生物在体内的繁殖，某种病毒或细菌种群便会大爆发，灾难也就出现了。当然，除了这种方式，病毒和细菌自身也发生变异，从而导致宿主动物原有抵抗力的减弱或消失。研究表明鼠疫杆菌并不是为毁灭人类而生的。它主要寄生在老鼠身上，通过跳蚤在老鼠之间传播。不幸的是跳蚤有时还要叮咬人，人染上病之后，又有新的跳蚤来帮助传播，肺炎型鼠疫更可以通过人呼出的飞沫传播给其他人，人并不处在鼠疫杆菌的主要生活路途上，只是它偶尔绕到界外时的牺牲品罢了。 在人类与鼠疫作斗争中，科学监测，有效控制鼠类、蚤类密度及其数量是最基本的措施。当然对家鼠鼠疫预防及干预机制最关键的是农村环境卫生的综合治理。通过创建文明卫生村、户的活动，使环境卫生及垃圾处理制度化，逐步改善乡村环境面貌，以及居住条件的改善和地面的硬底化。其次是每年春秋两季灭鼠工作的政府行为化，同时探讨如何提高灭鼠的效率。最后是鼠疫监测、预警和干预机制（灭鼠和灭蚤）的建立和进一步的完善。
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High plague Bacteriological:Catalogue
The first chapter of plague pathogen / 1 Section I outlined / 1 Section II understanding of the plague / 14 Section III of plague bacteria in nature conservation mechanisms / 16 Section IV of the plague bacteria found in the location and classification / 23 Section V of the biological characteristics of the plague / 26 Section VI plague Yin and the plasmid DNA extraction / 48 Section VII of the plague of the variance / 62 VIII plague Yin L-type / 67 Yin plague section IX of the gene and type / 73 Section 10 of the plague immune / 85 Section 11 of the plague phage / 99 Plague of the 12th Festival of the bacteriological examination / 107 Section 13 suspected plague material collection, preservation and transportation / 120 Chapter II diagnosis of plague serum / 129 Agglutination test for the first quarter of plague bacteria / 131 Section II plague indirect blood agglutination test / 132 Section III plague reverse indirect blood agglutination test / 138 RIA precipitation plague the fourth Test (RIP) / 140 Section V ELIsA Detection Technology / 142 Section VI immunofluorescence staining (immunofluorescence organizations Chemical Technology) / 149 Section VII in the Western blot plague antibodies and detection of antigen / 153 Chapter III of the identification of plague bacteria / 157 Chapter IV of the plague and laboratory biosafety / 161 Chapter V of plague bacteria testing of new technologies / 171 PCR technology section I, the basic principles and methods / 171 Section II with internal control of plague bacteria PcR Test Kit / 184 Section III colloidal gold tag detection technology / 188 Section IV pulsed field electrophoresis (PFGE) technical / 190 Section V bio-chip technology / 197 Chapter VI of the plague of protein extraction and analysis / 203 Chapter VII of closing / 218 References / 221
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High plague bacteria ：Catalogue
The first chapter of plague pathogen / 1 Section I outlined / 1 Section II understanding of the plague / 14 Section III of plague bacteria in nature conservation mechanisms / 16 Section IV of the plague bacteria found in the location and classification / 23 Section V of the biological characteristics of the plague / 26 Section VI plague Yin and the plasmid DNA extraction / 48 Section VII of the plague of the variance / 62 VIII plague Yin L-type / 67 Yin plague section IX of the gene and type / 73 Section 10 of the plague immune / 85 Section 11 of the plague phage / 99 Plague of the 12th Festival of the bacteriological examination / 107 Section 13 suspected plague material collection, preservation and transportation / 120 Chapter II diagnosis of plague serum / 129 Agglutination test for the first quarter of plague bacteria / 131 Section II plague indirect blood agglutination test / 132 Section III plague reverse indirect blood agglutination test / 138 RIA precipitation plague the fourth Test (RIP) / 140 Section V ELIsA Detection Technology / 142 Section VI immunofluorescence staining (immunofluorescence organizations Chemical Technology) / 149 Section VII in the Western blot plague antibodies and detection of antigen / 153 Chapter III of the identification of plague bacteria / 157 Chapter IV of the plague and laboratory biosafety / 161 Chapter V of plague bacteria testing of new technologies / 171 PCR technology section I, the basic principles and methods / 171 Section II with internal control of plague bacteria PcR Test Kit / 184 Section III colloidal gold tag detection technology / 188 Section IV pulsed field electrophoresis (PFGE) technical / 190 Section V bio-chip technology / 197 Chapter VI of the plague of protein extraction and analysis / 203 Chapter VII of closing / 218 References / 221
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New High plague bacteria biaology：Catalogue
The first chapter of plague pathogen / 1 Section I outlined / 1 Section II understanding of the plague / 14 Section III of plague bacteria in nature conservation mechanisms / 16 Section IV of the plague bacteria found in the location and classification / 23 Section V of the biological characteristics of the plague / 26 Section VI plague Yin and the plasmid DNA extraction / 48 Section VII of the plague of the variance / 62 VIII plague Yin L-type / 67 Yin plague section IX of the gene and type / 73 Section 10 of the plague immune / 85 Section 11 of the plague phage / 99 Plague of the 12th Festival of the bacteriological examination / 107 Section 13 suspected plague material collection, preservation and transportation / 120 Chapter II diagnosis of plague serum / 129 Agglutination test for the first quarter of plague bacteria / 131 Section II plague indirect blood agglutination test / 132 Section III plague reverse indirect blood agglutination test / 138 RIA precipitation plague the fourth Test (RIP) / 140 Section V ELIsA Detection Technology / 142 Section VI immunofluorescence staining (immunofluorescence organizations Chemical Technology) / 149 Section VII in the Western blot plague antibodies and detection of antigen / 153 Chapter III of the identification of plague bacteria / 157 Chapter IV of the plague and laboratory biosafety / 161 Chapter V of plague bacteria testing of new technologies / 171 PCR technology section I, the basic principles and methods / 171 Section II with internal control of plague bacteria PcR Test Kit / 184 Section III colloidal gold tag detection technology / 188 Section IV pulsed field electrophoresis (PFGE) technical / 190 Section V bio-chip technology / 197 Chapter VI of the plague of protein extraction and analysis / 203 Chapter VII of closing / 218 References / 221
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[Senior plague bacteria]：Contents and Introduction
The first chapter of plague pathogen / 1 Section I outlined / 1 Section II understanding of the plague / 14 Section III of plague bacteria in nature conservation mechanisms / 16 Section IV of the plague bacteria found in the location and classification / 23 Section V of the biological characteristics of the plague / 26 Section VI plague Yin and the plasmid DNA extraction / 48 Section VII of the plague of the variance / 62 VIII plague Yin L-type / 67 Yin plague section IX of the gene and type / 73 Section 10 of the plague immune / 85 Section 11 of the plague phage / 99 Plague of the 12th Festival of the bacteriological examination / 107 Section 13 suspected plague material collection, preservation and transportation / 120 Chapter II diagnosis of plague serum / 129 Agglutination test for the first quarter of plague bacteria / 131 Section II plague indirect blood agglutination test / 132 Section III plague reverse indirect blood agglutination test / 138 RIA precipitation plague the fourth Test (RIP) / 140 Section V ELIsA Detection Technology / 142 Section VI immunofluorescence staining (immunofluorescence organizations Chemical Technology) / 149 Section VII in the Western blot plague antibodies and detection of antigen / 153 Chapter III of the identification of plague bacteria / 157 Chapter IV of the plague and laboratory biosafety / 161 Chapter V of plague bacteria testing of new technologies / 171 PCR technology section I, the basic principles and methods / 171 Section II with internal control of plague bacteria PcR Test Kit / 184 Section III colloidal gold tag detection technology / 188 Section IV pulsed field electrophoresis (PFGE) technical / 190 Section V bio-chip technology / 197 Chapter VI of the plague of protein extraction and analysis / 203 Chapter VII of closing / 218 References / 221
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[Senior plague bacteria]：Contents and Introduction
The first chapter of plague pathogen / 1
Section I outlined / 1
Section II understanding of the plague / 14
Section III of plague bacteria in nature conservation mechanisms / 16
Section IV of the plague bacteria found in the location and classification / 23
Section V of the biological characteristics of the plague / 26
Section VI plague Yin and the plasmid DNA extraction / 48
Section VII of the plague of the variance / 62
VIII plague Yin L-type / 67
Yin plague section IX of the gene and type / 73
Section 10 of the plague immune / 85
Section 11 of the plague phage / 99
Plague of the 12th Festival of the bacteriological examination / 107
Section 13 suspected plague material collection, preservation and transportation / 120
Chapter II diagnosis of plague serum / 129
Agglutination test for the first quarter of plague bacteria / 131
Section II plague indirect blood agglutination test / 132
Section III plague reverse indirect blood agglutination test / 138
RIA precipitation plague the fourth Test (RIP) / 140
Section V ELIsA Detection Technology / 142
Section VI immunofluorescence staining (immunofluorescence organizations Chemical Technology) / 149
Section VII in the Western blot plague antibodies and detection of antigen / 153
Chapter III of the identification of plague bacteria / 157
Chapter IV of the plague and laboratory biosafety / 161
Chapter V of plague bacteria testing of new technologies / 171
PCR technology section I, the basic principles and methods / 171
Section II with internal control of plague bacteria PcR Test Kit / 184
Section III colloidal gold tag detection technology / 188
Section IV pulsed field electrophoresis (PFGE) technical / 190
Section V bio-chip technology / 197
Chapter VI of the plague of protein extraction and analysis / 203
Chapter VII of closing / 218
References / 221
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SARS隐去,禽流感的再现，带给我们的反思：其实一些传染病就在我们身边，只是人类先前没有涉足到一些边缘地带和自然疫源性疾病存在的地区；以及过去的诊断技术,不知将他们如何区分开来；当然人类在进化，病原微生物也在进化，特别是一旦表位基因的突变跨越了物种间相对单一寄生的模式,某种疾病就会在新的物种间暴发流行，灾难就会发生。随着世界范围内人口的剧增，人类活动边界的扩大和活动强度的加强，人类愈来愈多地深入到一些自然疫源性疾病的疫源地，环境污染，全球气温的变暖（温室效应等），抗生素、农药、化肥及激素类药物的滥用，家禽养殖及其交易方式的不科学和不规范，沿江、河大坝的修建，新开农田，便捷的交通，世界的都市化，野生动物被当宠物或摆上餐桌都加速了全球疾病的暴发和流行。对传染病的重新认识,带来了观念的转变。加强医院哨点监测，开发新一代疫苗，建立疾病发生过程的模型、研发病原体的快速诊断技术等，摆在了我们面前。 |
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Plague prevention and intervention mechanism: the most critical is the temporary residence of the comprehensive management of environmental sanitation. Create a temporary health civilization, tents tenants of the activities, sanitation and waste disposal standardized life, leaving health corner. Gradually improve the environment and living conditions. In particular, the collection of stool and safe disposal. This was followed by anti-rat and killing the mandatory, at the same time pay attention to the efficiency of rodent control and security. Anti-rodent-choice: Bromadiolone and Dalong; pesticides choice: 5% Fendona WP. |
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Rodent control after the earthquake: the people settlements, the ruins of the collapse as a rodent control key parts. Feeding, do not leak the rural counties, townships do not leak the village, the village does not leak group, the group did not leak households, households do not leak fields. The best is to promote the use of PVC pipe at the bait station or a bucket of poison bait stations that can rain, moisture, but also to avoid other animals Eating, long-term security. To Bromadiolone the first choice. |
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Rodent control after the earthquake: the people settlements, the ruins of the collapse as a rodent control key parts. Feeding, do not leak the rural counties, townships do not leak the village, the village does not leak group, the group did not leak households, households do not leak fields. The best is to promote the use of PVC pipe at the bait station or a bucket of poison bait stations that can rain, moisture, but also to avoid other animals Eating, long-term security. To Bromadiolone the first choice. |
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According to China's epidemic of plague is endemic situation and the dangers faced by comprehensive analysis of factors, the western (field plague focus) is still between animal and human plague-prone areas, including Qinghai, Tibet, Xinjiang, Gansu and Inner Mongolia provinces of the five , Often spread to their respective border provinces, autonomous regions: such as the Qinghai - Sichuan, Inner Mongolia - Ningxia, Shaanxi, Hebei and so the main means of infection to spread animal-derived (and direct contact with respiratory inhalation) mainly for the specific performance of the illegal hunting, Removing dead animals and food marmot, Collie Diao fresh sickness and death marmot secondary infection followed by the media the spread of fleas, the concrete manifestation of the ground for rats and its free Infected flea bites. Yunnan Province, for my country mouse plague focus of the core zone, Yunnan, Guangxi and Guizhou provinces to the region at the junction of foci of the external areas. Rattus norvegicus at the same time foci of the port city and its nearby inland areas there are sudden plague of the risk factors, including ocean-going freighter input and the possibility of renewal. With the opening of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, adventure tourism and the development of depth, long-distance spread of the plague of risk factors in the increase. Therefore, establish and improve the plague monitoring network, strengthening port, railway stations, the airport's animal quarantine to prevent the importation of plague Infected animals. At the same time foci of wild animals should be developed regulations: private hunting ban or not, removing the food, farming and trafficking of wild animals focus, eliminate or avoid the source of infection and its products from infected areas caused by the spread of the epidemic, or for removing the food, acquisition And keeping the infection caused by regulations. |
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Animal plague occurs when the infected areas within the fleas have any possible spread of plague, fleas infected with plague in the stomach after they suppository form of little, the spread of the epidemic depends on the performance of the main flea transfer, the replacement of the host and again vampire hobby And speed. |
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And the fight against the plague of mankind, scientific monitoring, effective control of rodents and fleas density and the number is the most basic measures. Of course, the sewer rat plague prevention and intervention mechanism is the most crucial of the comprehensive management of environmental sanitation in rural areas. Health through the creation of civilized villages and households activities, sanitation and waste disposal system, and gradually improve the rural environment outlook, as well as the improvement of living conditions and the Yingdi of the ground. This was followed by the annual spring and fall of the government of anti-rat, the rodent control at the same time pay attention to efficiency. Finally, there is the plague monitoring, early warning and intervention mechanism (anti-rat fleas and eliminate) the establishment and further improve . |
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留言人：so [2008-10-3 9:54:28]